Angela’s Ashes Comparative Commentary Essay

Although these two passages taken from the memoirs; Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt and Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Sallinger, are similar to each other in some aspects, such as mood, perceptions and attitudes towards death etc., their society, culture, and their ages make the contrast between their styles. In the passage from Catcher in the Rye, we see the 17-years-old Holden going to his brother Allie’s grave. From his comments about his brother’s death, we start to interpret his immature and irreverent character. â€Å"I know it’s only his body and all that’s in the cemetery, and his soul’s in Heaven and all that crap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  On the other hand, just like Frank McCourt’s, Holden’s anger, sadness and resentment is seen by his mood and tone. The 5-years-old little Frankie is already witness to his sister Margaret’s death, and now he losts his little brother Oliver. In this scene, where Oliver is buried in the graveyard, Frankie tries to understand the things around him with his childish curiosity and responses. â€Å"I did not want to leave Oliver with them. I threw a rock at a jackdaw that waddled over toward Oliver’s grave.† Nevertheless, although his age, Holden’s inability to come to terms with his brother’s death makes him angry and resentful. â€Å"All the visitors could get in their cars and turn on their radios and all and then go someplace nice for dinner – everybody except Allie. I couldn’t stand it.† There are some hints in the passages which suggest about the culture, societies and time the two memoirs took place. Holden says â€Å"the visitors could get in their cars and turn on their radios and all and then go someplace nice for dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , whereas Frankie says â€Å"we rode to the hospital in a carriage with a horse† and â€Å"My mother and Aunt Aggie cried, Grandma looked angry, Dad, Uncle Pa Keating, and Uncle Pat Sheehan looked sad but did not cry and I thought that if you’re a mean you can cry only when you have the black stuff that is called the pint.† The â€Å"carriage with a horse† and the people â€Å"running like hell over to their cars† â€Å"and turn on their radios† show us that the scene from Angela’s Ashes took place many years before Catcher in the Rye. Moreover, with Frankie’s childish comment about his family, the men in his family appear as drinkers; this suggests about the Irish culture which all men are drinkers. The same comment also clearly shows us the difference between women and men in their culture. We also see that the two characters’ families and societies are Christian, and believe in the life after death. Holden says â€Å"I know it’s only his body and all that’s in the cemetery, and his soul’s in Heaven and all that crap, but I couldn’t stand it anyway.† On the other hand Frankie explains, â€Å"Dad said I shouldn’t throw rocks at jackdaws, they might be somebody’s soul. I didn’t know what a soul was but I didn’t ask him because I didn’t care.† Their perception towards religion is the same; they both believe in what is taught to them, but in both cases the characters’ sadness and anger are much greater then their religion now, when they lost their brothers whom they love and were connected so much. â€Å"I wish he wasn’t there. You didn’t know him. If you’d known him, you’d know what I mean.† â€Å"Oliver was dead and I hated jackdaws.† Both Frankie and Holden are alone with their thoughts and feelings; they cannot share them with anyone. Holden is too immature and powerless to face his brother’s death and Frankie’s parents wouldn’t answer his question marks about death. The two narrative characters cannot talk about or express their sorrow, they have to keep it inside and divert it into anger and hate of other things or people around them. â€Å"I’d be a man someday and I’d come with a bag of rocks and I’d leave the graveyard littered with dead jackdaws.† â€Å"All the visitors in the cemetery started running like hell over to their cars. That’s what nearly drove me crazy.† Hence the two characters need to heal theirselves by something else; writing.

Recruiting and managing employees Essay

Job descriptions are a vital part of recruiting and managing employees. These written summaries of jobs ensure that applicants and current employees have clear understanding of their roles and what is expected of them in order to be held accountable. Despite the various job descriptions and posts for new hire, it is imperative that job descriptions be thoroughly written because it will help employees understand the major areas of their job or position and also help attract the right candidates for the job. In this essay, I will be writing on the components of job description with emphasis on the role of Operations Manager with careful analysis of the important facts about the job with respect to the tasks, tools and technology, knowledge, skills and abilities, and the educational requirements for the position. Emphasis will also be placed on job advertisement and the assessment methods used when recruiting and why the methods are most appropriate especially in recruiting an Operations Manager. In today’s labor market, business environment is constantly changing and for this reason the tasks of an Operations Manager in a company is ever increasing so the job description of this position should clearly state the expectation of the job. A job description identifies characteristics of the job to be performed in terms of the tasks, duties and responsibilities to be fulfilled (Youssef, 2012). The tasks of the position must clearly and concisely communicate in the job description. For instance, the main tasks of an Operations Manager will be to oversee, direct, and coordinate all activities of the business with respect to products and services being offered by the company. In addition, the Operations Manager will be responsible for reviewing financial statements, activity report and also m anaging, training and developing employees. Once the tasks of a job is clearly written on a job description it is important to state the tools and technology requirement of the position to ensure that employees or candidates for the job understand and know the tools and technology involved to carry out the expected tasks of the job. For the position of Operations Manager in my company, the person must be proficient in the use of cell phones, laptop computers, security systems, barcode printer, and barcode scanner. In additional to these tools, the person must also be comfortable with using various software to execute tasks some of which includes accounting, electronic mail, enterprises resources planning, office suite, spreadsheet and word processing. Having  enumerated the tools and technology required for the job, the knowledge needed to be effective in the position must also be clearly stated to ensure employees and prospective candidates for the positions understand the minimum knowledge required to be successful at the job. For the operations Manager, he or she is required to have substantial knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources (http://www.onetonline.org/link/details/11-1021.00). Also should be included in job descriptions is the skills and abilities needed for the job. As an Operations Manager, he or she must be a good listener giving attention to customers and employees taking the time to understand points being made and also must have the ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through written and spoken words and sentences. The skills and abilities will ensure that the operations manager can communicate with his or her customers and also employees either in resolving problems with customers or employees or business transactions (http://www.onetonline.org/link/details/11-1021.00). Lastly, a job description must include the educational requirement for the position. In most management position, a minimum of Bachelor’s degree is needed and preferably in Business or equivalent. In some instances, some company requires five years of experience in the field as an equivalent to Bachelor’s degree. Once the analysis and job description for a job is complete, the next step would be to identify recruiting method to use in selecting candidates. Since recruiting is the first stage in the hiring process, it is important to attract qualified people who have the skills and experience the job demands. To do this, I will suggest that recruitment be done through job fairs and advertising. To properly advertise a job, it is important to start by selecting the most effective job advertising medium where suitable candidate can be attracted. To recruit an Operations Manager, it will be best to place the ad on a premium job website. Once an advertising medium has been identified then the job is posted using the written job description for the position with some background information about the company. Once candidates  are identified, the next step would be to gain some valuable information about them. There are different selection methods that should be used and according to Youssef (2012) , selection methods can narrow down potential candidates. The approach and selection that I would employ in hiring an Operations Manager would be through tests and interview. The idea of using tests as selection method is to assess the personality and abilities of each candidate for the jobs. The personality test is to focus on the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of candidates as they relates to the type of enthusiasm and motivation employer is looking for in a candidate while the aptitude and ability test is to assess the intellectual performance of candidates. Interview method on the other hand, is a crucial preliminary part of recruiting process because it afford face-to-face meeting with candidates because it combines a detailed understanding of organizational requirements with a distinctive understanding of the responses, talents, qualifications, personality and character of prospective employee’s in order to make a final decision. Using interview and tests in the selection of candidate for the Operations Manager position will be most appropriate because it will afford the recruiter to be able to observe candidates attributes that will affect the job performance which include the abilities to communicate, reason and understand. This will also give the interviewer an opportunity to compare the strengths and weaknesses of each applicant. It is clear that to hire the best individual to fill a position it is important the analysis of the position be done and a written job description should be made to include the tasks, tools and knowledge, educational requirements, and the skills and abilities required to be successful at the job is needed in order to attract the best candidate. The recruiting method employed also is very vital in the process of hiring would also ensure that the best of the best candidates that applied for the job is eventually selected for the position. It is only by having a structured hiring process that an organization can compete and attract great minds in the labor market. References O*NET OnLine. (n.d.). O*NET OnLine. Retrieved from http://www.onetonline.org/ (http://www.onetonline.org/) Youssef, C. (2012). Human resource management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Pulse Rate Essay

1. What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the strength/pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of our blood vessels. It is recorded as two numbers – the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. 2. Why is high blood pressure a problem? When blood pressure is high the heart is working to hard to get blood through your body and can cause heart attacks, strokes and even death, heart and kidney failure. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/bp/bp.htm) 3. Why does increased physical activity raise heart rate? Increased physical activity increases oxygen demand as well as the need to remove excess carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration. In order to meet oxygen needs our heart rate increases along with other respirations to supply our body with the necessary oxygen. (Muscles require more oxygen for cellular respiration and increased cellular respiration increases carbon dioxide in our body that triggers the increase of breathing and circulation rates.) 4. Why is heart rate lower in an individual who does aerobic exercise regularly? A lot of exercise will cause our heart muscle to pump more blood with each beat/contraction. If the volume of the blood being pumped with each contraction is greater than the rate of our heartbeat will be lower. 5. Why do some people feel faint when they go quickly from lying down to standing? Gravity causes blood pressure in the arteries/vessels going to our brain to drop when standing up quickly after laying down. This motion causes a sudden feeling of faintness until mechanisms in our body elevate our blood pressure in the vessels to normal again. 6. How and why does heart rate change with body position? Heart rate increases from lying down to standing up because more energy is required for our body to maintain in a standing/sitting position in comparison to lying down. Therefore the increased need for ATP increases cellular respiration that causes an increase need for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in our body that triggers increased breathing so our heart rate increases as well. 7. From your study of the circulator system how would you describe a â€Å"fit† individual? A fit individual has an ability to contain a lot of oxygen by having an efficient respiration and circulatory system. When having these efficient systems their heart is allowed to pump more blood with each beat and the person can quickly recover from the stress of exercise(By returning their exercise pulse rate to their standing pulse rate) more quickly compared to a person who is not fit.

African Americans 1877 to Present Research Paper

African Americans 1877 to Present - Research Paper Example The Compromise of 1877 occurred when the Democrats agreed they would not block Hayes victory as long as the Republicans removed their federal troops from the South. Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida became democratic states as a result, and it was the end of the reconstruction era. The Southern white people resulted in violence and intimidation against African Americans because of the end of the reconstruction period. Blacks were kept from exercising their democratic right to voting and white supremacy was dominant in the area. There were many Supreme Court decisions that limited the reconstruction amendment laws and were against the Black community (Campbell & Fraser, 2008). The 14th and 15th Amendments give African Americans the right to be American citizens and protect them using the constitution. They were also not allowed to vote. Southern Democrats had made a promise to the government to protect the rights of the Black people, but they did not honor the promises. The feder al government stops interfered in the affairs of the South, which led to discontent among the Black community, who were not allowed to vote in any election. The results of the Reconstruction era led to the massive exodus of African Americans from the South and many migrated to Kansas. The African Americans, however, got hope as the first Black women’s college open in 1881, the Spelman College. There is also the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute that began in the same year in Alabama. It was one of the few Institutes for higher learning for the African Americans. In 1982, the American Colonization Society that founded Monrovia in 1847, the present-day Liberia continued with the movement of African Americans to Liberia. The leader of the Society Robert Finley believes the migration of African Americans back to Africa would be a solution to the problems they were encountering in America. More than twelve thousand slaves were successfully relocated

History of New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of New York City - Essay Example Most of the names drawn were that of Irish people, whose opposition to the Civil War became all the more pronounced in 1863. The blacks were exempted from this enlistment. This is what triggered the Draft Riots in 1863. The Irish men foresaw the 'freeing of slaves' as detrimental to their work, position and power. The liberated slaves of the south would now occupy the northern markets as cheap labor and take the place of the Irish men. This was one of the major factors, which made the Irish anti-abolitionists. The violent Irish would do anything to safeguard their low wage jobs. New York was the epicenter of the Draft Riots in the year 1863. (Burrows and Wallace, 883). The angry rioters burnt down several buildings on the Third Avenue, Lexington Avenue and 52nd Street. The violent outbursts affected the businesses and properties of many. The attack on the Steinways & Son factory was one such case, which is hardly dwelt upon in previous accounts of the Draft Riots. An Irish settlement near Central Park was burnt down. Fighting continued into the next day on the 1st and 2nd Avenues and 21st street. Some vehicles were seen on the road. A few shops also resumed their services. A large military unit comprising 6000 soldiers combined with a thunderstorm weakened the force of the rioters to a great extent. Peace was restored on July 17th with a speech by the Archbishop Hughes's to mark the occasion. The death toll estimated was approximately 119 and 195 were reported injured. Steinway & son The mass migration which took place in the 19th century saw a major inflow of people from European countries to New York and the United States of America. One such family was that of Steinways. (Steinway: Immigration, Family Business, Neighborhood. A New York Story, 2001). The Zollverein was formed in 1834 to encourage free trade. Most of the German states joined the Zollverein. Owing to tariffs on iron and textile goods, the north-western German states refrained from joining. This hit the Steinways (known as Steinweg then) and other manufacturers hard, as they were required to pay heavy duties for transporting their goods to the north. In the middle of the 1850's, the infected potato crop in Ireland had a disastrous impact on German crops. Agricultural decline, agitation, and a poor economy led many Germans to seek for better opportunities in America. (Lieberman, 35-37) With stricter regulations on trade, the piano making business of the Steinways suffered much and they decided to leave their village Seesen in Germany for America. Charles, one of the sons of Henry E. Steinway, left for America in 1849. With trade and business becoming all the more difficult and the failed February Revolution of 1848, in which Charles participated, the decision to leave for America became indispensable. (Ehrlich, 48) The development of various shipping companies and cheaper travel fares in the 19th century had brought many people to America. A cultural and manufacturing hub of America, New York attracted many immigrants, amongst which Steinway's family deserves special mention. A leading center of piano production, New York held a lot of promise for the Steinways. This was the

Art History Course Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History Course - Assignment Example The study started with the in-depth analysis of the religions Islam, Christianity and Jewish relating them with the perceptions of East and West, referring to the texts by Jonathan Berkey, Maria Rosa Menocal, Nasser Rabbat, Jerilynn Dodds, Oleg Grabar, Rachel Milstein, William Tronzo, Annabel Jane Wharton and the likes. The referential books related to us the vibrant architectural and artifacts history of Islam, Christianity and other faiths; highlighting various central monuments and respective religious to political institutions and philosophical traditions based on economic networks, commodities and geographical stipulations. The chosen study areas based on geographical settings were the Levant where the age of the Crusades witness the Ayyubid metalwork and glassware elaborated by evident Christian iconography, in Asia Minor Armenian-Byzantine masons and artists working for Seljuk and Ottoman courts were observed, Egypt's religious and political learning delineate the Courtly Arts, representation of conduct and utilization and trade of Fatimid's. As the course progressed we were directed to Spain studying the Mudejar style synagogues and churches created by the Muslim masons and architects for Jewish and Christian patrons and the Iberian Peninsulas acknowledging the culture of Tolerance, the Golden Age of Judaism, the relation and conflicts among Christianity and Islam. The research work on regions such as Southern Italy, Norman Sicily where we interpreted a universal "language of luxury" that was intentionally created by ruling heads as well as the illustration on the tri-lingual artistic customs of the Norman, Islamic, and Byzantine civilizations. Greece cultivated in our minds the more elaborate architecture constitutions, the convoluted philosophical and religious interaction. Their individual sermons and preaching outlining the concept of their faith and believes were discussed in detail helping us to understand the encounters among such entities. These comprehensive readings enlighten the art history students on the subject of medieval Mediterranean era as the communal stage of artisans made richer by the interaction of the East and West, bearing in mind the socio-religious divergence among them all. Communication whether resultant of warfare or peaceful affability created that shared world of art and culture; the individualistic beliefs and skills can be manifested from each study. Thus regarding this, both the regions can be deemed as individually accomplished of structural design and rich customs. Class Critique: Keeping in view the purpose and high level design of the course, it comprised of a small group with classes held twice a week. This ensured that each theme based lecture and presentation helps the students to actually breathe in the medieval times of contrasting religions and beliefs. The lectures were conducted through related images and highly structured lectures on them. However I feel that printed handouts of the lectures or its important points would help students to understand the reading in a more efficient way. Each student was encouraged to conduct presentations and discussions

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what Essay

Is there a link between volcanic eruption and climate change and what the relationship between the two may be - Essay Example A., & Wilson, L. (2008). Donald Rapp in his book about climatic changes states that volcanic eruptions, though minor, are one of the factors for global warming, but injecting radiations into the earth’s atmosphere. Volcanos erupts huge amounts of ash, magma and sulfuric contents that remain in the environment, polluting it. (Rapp, D. (2008) When the issues regarding global warming got into discussions, human activities like the release of gases having CFC’s and burning of fossil fuels were considered as the primary factors for the climatic change. But some people disagree and claim that human activities pose less danger to our environment than natural procedures such as volcanic eruptions. This statement led human to study the affects of volcanic eruptions in detail. (Stenchikov, Georgiy L., Ingo Kirchner, Alan Robock, Hans-F. Graf, Juan Carlos Antuna, R. G. Grainger, Alyn Lambert, and Larry Thomason, 1998) Mount Pinatubo in Philippines got erupted on June 15, 1991, where approximately about 20 million tons of SO2 and ash particles spread into the air for more than 12 miles. The gases and solids that bumped into the atmosphere at the time Mount Pinatubo erupted lasted for 2 weeks in the air. Volcanic outbreak of this scale can shock earth’s climate, dropping the quantity of sun rays getting in the Earths shell, and altering atmospheric activity model. But the degree to which these changes happen, may vary. (Geology, sdsu; climatic effects of volcanic eruptions (2001). Extensive volcanic motion may precede only a couple of days, but the huge out break of solid ash and gases containing high sulfur content, may last for a long period of time. The erupted sulfuric gases convert themselves to â€Å"Sulfate Aerosols†. After the volcanic eruption, these aerosol particles may rest in the Earth’s stratosphere for as long as a

Production and Operations Management (Case Study on Renewable Energy Essay

Production and Operations Management (Case Study on Renewable Energy Technologies Implementation) - Essay Example Energy development closely associated with the development of the economy and thus, the efficiency of energy use needs to be increased to reach moderate energy growth. Renewable energy is one of the ways aimed at meeting increased challenges of energy use and environmental concerns. This offers an alternative of traditional sources of energy for developing countries. Alternative sources of energy help in meeting the needs of customers like the use of solar heaters to produce hot water and even small-scale industries of agro-processing plants. Renewable energy use is promoted around the globe and by studying this case; the researchers will gain knowledge and understanding on how to reduce carbon dioxide and green house gases emission. For this case study, several issues that need addressing include schemes of financing the project, technical testing, and appraisal, transfer of technology, creation of the job and manufacturing of the products. The establishment of this project will bri ng into light the implementation of renewable energy projects by analyzing the causes for the failure or success of technologies and or projects. This case study aims at identifying the possibility of eradicating existing barriers. Hence, promotes the implementation process of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs). The benefit of implementation of this project bears sanitation or environmental and agricultural profits that will address rural needs of drinking water. The case study project will be able to improve skills, knowledge and confidence of the NGOs in identifying instances in which, renewable energy technologies contributes to the energy needs of developing countries. Secondly, it aims at strengthening the capacity of NGOs for implementation and analysis of RET project. Lastly, it will generalize the experiences and disseminate findings in an international way for other groups to benefit from gained knowledge. From this research, it is evident that, some of the common barrier s hindering the implementation process include market, institutional, information awareness, and financial, technical, social, economic, environmental, capacity and political issues of the country. The greatest problem contributing to the implementation process is associated with the lack of information, skilled manpower and facilities of training respondents. These same respondents also refuse to give this technology a chance to be incorporated into the society. Thus, their lack of social acceptance and participation in local levels is a hindrance to RETs implementation. In order for this process of implementation to be successful, a company needs to identify all barriers and remove them. Some of the actions needed include changing of policies, mechanical institution setting for upgrade and availability of technology, financing, making skilled personnel available, and designing and implementing a framework that accommodate law changes. By critically examining and evaluating existin g problems, the company was able to make the necessary changes and implement renewable energy technologies. The case study also evaluated both direct and indirect effects by using a qualitative assessment approach. Social, environmental, political and other effects comprise the direct impacts of implementation

Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism - Essay Example The essay "Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism" presents the analysis of the paper "Nothing Distant About It: Women's liberation and Sixties Radicalism" written by Alice Echols which revolves around the liberation of women in the 1960s and the reasons behind it. It begins with the boycott on the Miss America Pageant and the different ways used by the female demonstrators to interrupt the on-goings of the show. It then speaks of the adversity that met these women as they continue to show their aggravated sentiment. Not only are they taunted and jeered at by men but their popularity is also compared to the â€Å"anti-war† movement. The latter bit of the essay goes on to talk about the cultivating factors behind the movement. This included the women’s taste of social and economic freedom. The new labor force shifted the need from labor to services, which could be easily accommodated by the new college-educated females. Also, the financial needs of the house had incre ased with the introduction of technology and one earner could no longer fulfill the needs of the entire family. Echols then gives the main reason behind the success of the feminist movement: the presence of other oppositional movements. Along with this was the women’s ability to incorporate Marxist and other ideologies to better understand their own oppression. A brief tussle with NOW (National Organization for Women) over the introduction of personal life into the public sphere separated the feminists from the liberationists of NOW.

Ethics and brand Essay Example for Free

Ethics and brand Essay Branding is defined in various ways. In the case of engineering, technological and high value products the brand name plays an important role. Customers are ready to pay premium for a brand due to the intrinsic value and trustworthiness attached to it. They trust particular brand that’s the reason they buy it. In business-to-business buying consumers or professional buyers rely on the strong and positive image of the brand. The products or services these consumers buy have impact on their business and operations. Ethical branding enhances corporate reputation over a period of time, it helps them retaining their consumers and creating long term and strong relationship with consumers in the present competitive market place. There are several ways companies are operating in the global market. Company like Toyota has different strategies for developed countries and developing countries depending upon consumer group and market. Consumers in country like Europe are more concerned about environmental friendly and fuel efficient products whereas consumers in developing countries are concerned about mileage and affordability. Toyota is one of the most reputed global brands for its ethical practices in every area from recruitment to branding. Consumers pay premium for the preferred brands. Positive brand image like ethical branding will definitely encourage consumers to buy the product over competitors. It depends on the target consumers and market place where a company is operating whether or not, consumer will be ready to pay more for ethical brands. Different technological products and services like software, Operating Systems and E-commerce activities like banking and finance, high Technology products like pharmacy, biotechnology products consumers rely on the reputation and brand image for their buying decisions. The products where the consumer has low level of knowledge and high level of requirements consumer will probably take decision in favor of ethical and more reputed brand over the other. A strong and positive brand image helps organisations to not only be on the top of the mind of consumers but also contribute to the long-term success of the product. This is the reason companies like Cola and Pepsi use advertising strategies to gain maximum of market share. Some companies adopt practice like they communicate themselves to be an ethical brand rather than adopting ethical practices. This limits realty of ethical branding. However, regulatory bodies, active consumer groups and other organizations keep an eye on such companies and their practices and investigate the matters. Active consumer groups put pressure on the corporate to adopt ethical practices. Companies become more accountable for their acts with their ethical branding efforts. Consumers worldwide are being more sensitive about ethical practices adopted by companies and the numbers of consumers ready to pay premium for the ethical brands are growing. This phenomenon is encouraging professionals and engineers to adopt ethical practices and comply with the ethical branding campaign of their companies. Ethical branding is more acceptable in the social groups where price sensitivity of the consumers is low. Professional engineers have many opportunities with ethical branding. The intellectual property rights will help them protecting their copyrights and patients, trade marks and trade secrets. They will have better protection for their innovations and will be encouraged to adopt ethical practices that can add value to the branding efforts.

Casting Engine Blocks Automotive Manufacturing Processes Engineering Essay

Casting Engine Blocks Automotive Manufacturing Processes Engineering Essay There are several different types of manufacturing processes to choose from out there and many different alloys that are at ones disposal to be used. Some processes include: sand casting, die casting, and lost-foam casting. In this report, sand and die casting will be discussed with the focus on sand casting. Also, choosing a suitable alloy will be discussed. Is the alloy going to be ferrous or non-ferrous and what qualities does the alloy chosen have, to make it a good choice to use with the manufacturing process is a question to ask oneself. In this case, sand casting has the capability of using any alloy whereas; die casting is generally limited to non-ferrous alloys. Aluminum is a very common alloy to use and it can be used for almost any process. Although, this alloy possesses some qualities that would be desired by most, gray cast iron was decided by us to possess even stronger qualities that led us to choose it for the material used in the design of a cast iron block. Sand cas ting is now and has been for some time one of the most commonly used manufacturing processes and the use of gray cast iron fits very well with this process. The reasons for choosing sand casting as the manufacturing process and gray cast iron as the alloy will be discussed further in the report. Problem Statement: To select a suitable casting process and material that will be as per the requirement of efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly engine block production. Objectives: To discuss the various casting processes that can be used to manufacture an engine block. To select a suitable alloy for the part. To select a suitable casting process. To justify the above selection. To design the selected process to cast an engine block. To discuss the defects in the casting and challenges to be faced while using the selected process and the methods to overcome these. To discuss the cost consideration and environmental impact of using the selected process. The Identification of Suitable Casting Processes The manufacturing of cast engine blocks out of cast iron involves the consideration of what manufacturing process to use as well as a suitable alloy. The alloy chosen for our company is gray cast iron and the process of selecting this particular alloy will be discussed further in the next section. This section will discuss how our company came to choose sand casting as the manufacturing process by comparing this process with other processes. There are several factors involved in choosing a suitable casting process for manufacturing cast engine blocks. Some of these factors include the type of material that can be used in the casting process, the type of part that can be cast, the finish of the product, the amount of time it takes for the process, and the cost involved. In this section, sand casting will be compared with die casting. Although both are good processes to use, the results vary depending on what process is chosen. There are some similarities between the processes, while there are mostly differences in most aspects of the processes. Selecting a Suitable Alloy An engine block is the main part of an engine which holds all most all the parts of the engine. It should house the internal moving parts, fluids and also withstand the forces and pressure developed during combustion. It should have high strength, wear resistance, good machinability, good vibration absorption capacity, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, good thermal conductivity and manufacturability and should have less manufacturing cost. In general, most of the industries use cast iron for manufacturing the engine blocks because of the following reasons: It is cheaper, excellent damping capacity, good wear and high temperature resistant, easily machinable, inexpensive to produce, and can tolerate high pressure and RPM. Other materials which are considered for manufacturing engine blocks are aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys. But, after considering the above factors using cast iron is the feasible option. For choosing the right alloy from cast iron variants, their material properties are compared. Table 1.1 compositions of the different cast irons Name Nominal composition [% by weight] Form and condition Hardness [Brinell scale] Grey cast iron (ASTMA48) C  3.4, Si  1.8,  Mn  0.5 Cast 260 White cast iron C  3.4, Si  0.7, Mn  0.6 Cast (as cast) 450 Malleable iron (ASTM A47) C  2.5, Si  1.0, Mn  0.55 Cast (annealed) 130 Ductile or nodular iron C  3.4, P  0.1, Mn  0.4,Ni  1.0, Mg  0.06 Cast 170 Ductile or nodular iron (ASTM A339) cast (quench tempered) 310 Ni-hard type 2 C  2.7, Si  0.6, Mn  0.5, Ni  4.5, Cr  2.0 Sand-cast 550 Ni-resist type 2 C  3.0, Si  2.0, Mn  1.0, Ni  20.0, Cr  2.5 Cast 140 Table1.2 comparision of the strengths of the cast irons alloys Table 1.3 castability of the different metals. As we need a material which is hard enough, having good strength and good castability, from Table 1.1 we can find gray cast iron having enough and nominal hardness. There are materials which are harder than grey cast iron but as hardness increases material can wear the internal components and will be brittle in nature which is not a preferable property. From Table 1.2 we can observe that elongation is less with good yield strength for gray cast iron which is one of the desirable properties. Both pearlitic and martensitic gray cast irons have less elongation with high yield strength but martensitic gray cast iron has more hardness which is against our requirements and Table 1.3 tells that castability is excellent for gray cast irons compared to other metals and alloys. For desired properties like castability, fluidity, resistance to deformation, relatively low melting point and cost On the whole from the above mentioned tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and above desirable properties gray cast iron matches our requirement. So we finally decide to go for the pearlitic gray cast iron. The Effect of Manufacturing Processes on the Product Sand casting and die casting both consist of the pouring of molten metal into a mold, allowing the metal to cool until it solidifies. The type of mold used in these processes usually varies drastically from one another. Die casting uses the molten metal that gets forced into a mold and is subjected to high pressures so that it solidifies very nicely into the die cavity. Sand casting generally uses silica sand as its material for the mold. Sand is generally chosen as the mold material because of the characteristics that it possesses and the fact that its relatively inexpensive. The strength of the mold is critical in the manufacturing process and using the right type of grains in the sand can improve the strength. A specific type of sand is commonly used for sand casting, and that type is called green molding sand. Green molding sand uses a mixture sand, clay, and water. This mixture provides a moist sand to be present in the mold when the metal is poured into the mold. This moist sand then becomes easily reusable, which contributes to lowering the expenses in the process. Sand casting is an efficient process to use because of the flexibility in what can be done as part of the process. There is no limitation to what material can be used, which means that gray cast iron is available to be used when sand casting engine blocks. There is also no limitation to the type of part that can be cast. The part can also be of any size or shape or weight. Another reason for using sand casting is the minimal costs when compared to other manufacturing process, the amount of time required for production of the parts, and the number of parts required in a production cycle. Sand casting allows for the production of one part at a time if necessary, with no limit to the number of parts to be produced. All costs, including mold material, tooling, and labor costs are relatively low compared to other processes. Although, sand casting has many good qualities that persuade us to use this process, there are a few deficiencies in using the process too. These deficiencies include the finish of the material, porosity, and dimensional tolerance. The dimensional tolerance is much greater than that of other manufacturing processes which causes a greater rate of shrinkage. This shrinkage increases the porosity of the material, which results in a rough surface finish. Die casting is an efficient process to use because more precise results. The die casting process allows for the production of solid, fine parts at a high rate. No additional machining should be necessary on these parts since the dimensional accuracy is so good to begin, with that these parts are ready for use after one cycle of the process. Although the types of materials that can be used are limited, which is mentioned in the next paragraph, experimental results show that gray cast iron is a very workable material for die casting. Even smaller sized parts like pins and fasteners can be casted using die casting, but the smooth surface finish and precision of the parts allow for them to be put to good use. Similar to sand casting and any other casting process, die casting has its disadvantages too. Generally, only nonferrous materials can be casted using die casting. The materials work very well, but that still limits the resources out there for the process which could potentially cause some problems. Also, since the parts produced are small, this limits the potential uses of the part. Another problem that could arise is that even though the labor costs are very low since the process is mostly run on automated systems; these systems and all other equipment are relatively expensive. This is the one major difference between sand casting and die casting that cannot be ignored. Ways to lower the costs are still being worked on, but there is still some work left to do to bring these costs down a sufficient amount. It takes a long time to produce these parts, but being able to produce a large quantity at a time helps to make up for the long lead time. These deficiencies will be looked at in greater detail in a later section. The Sand Casting Procedure Sand casting Sand casting is one of the oldest techniques of manufacturing. In this form, molten metal is poured into a mould made of sand. When the metal is hardened and cooled, the part is removed. In sand casting, the mold is made of packed sand. Mold preparation In the process, we chose green sand casting as our casting process. The sand mixture consists of sand, clay binder, water and additives. The sand also includes zircon(ZrSiO4), olivine(Mg2SiO4), iron silicate(Fe2SiO4), chromite(FeCr2O4). Zircon, olivine and iron silicate have low thermal expansion, and chromite has high heat transfer. During the process, all the ingredients are mixed together and the sand should be moist and not dry. Figure 1. Green Sand Casting Mold Sand casting procedure During the process, patterns and cores are made; sand is thoroughly mixed and then formed about the patterns as per our need. The patterns are removed and the two halves of the molds are put together and are thus ready for pouring the molten metal. The preheated metal is then poured slowly into the mold until the mold is full. The part is then cooled and after the part solidifies thoroughly, the sand mold is removed by striking the part. Lastly, we machine the casting to give it its final shape. Defects Sand castings have many defects such as inclusion, shrinkage, air holes, sand holes, cold shut and cracks. In this procedure, the granule shape, granule size and collapsibility of sand mold effect sand mold casting. Quality inspection Quality inspection of sand casting can be done by sharp impact test, x-ray inspection, pressure test, magnaflux inspection and ultrasonic test. Whereas, to inspect the casting in the foundry itself; visual inspection, dimensional inspection, chemical component inspection and testing to figure out the physical properties by doing the hardness or tensile strength test are commonly used. Casting products and mass production The sand used in making the mold can be used again and again(reclaimed), thus the green sand casting process is cheap and widely used compared to other casting process. Due to this mass production of this process in a cost effective manner is possible. CASTING DEFECTS Some of the possible defect that may arise during the sand casting process Shrinkage defects: These defects mainly occur when feed metal is not available to compensate the shrinkage as the metal solidifies. These defects can be avoided by providing proper gates, vents and risers in the mold. Gas porosity: They are formed as bubbles on the casting after it is cooled. This is due to the presence of large amounts of dissolved gas in the molten metal. To prevent this, the metal is melted in vacuum or in the presence of specific low solubility gases such as argon or carbon dioxide. To minimize gas solubility, the super heat temperature can be kept low. Misruns and cold shuts: They are the empty cavities in solidified metal, due to the lack of fluidity, narrow cross sections, back pressure and turbulence. These are rectified by reducing the pouring temperature, adding sprue and proper gates. Metal penetration: This is the presence of rough surface finish because of the liquid metal penetrating the sand mould. This penetration is due to high pouring temperatures. Lowering the pouring temperature will avoid this phenomenon. Hot Spots: They are formed on the surface that is very hard because of the quick cooling compared to the surroundings. Changing chemical composition and providing proper cooling methods like using chills, these can be avoided. Inclusions: These are metal impurities generally oxides, sulfides, nitrides and carbides formed from the material that is eroded from furnace or impurities present in the mold. These inclusions can be reduced by using ceramic filters or melting the metal in vacuum Hot tears: Also called as hot cracking, these are the failures in the casting that are formed while cast metal starts cooling because of the weak strength of the metal when it is hot and the internal stresses. These can be prevented by proper mold design. Mold erosion: Erosion of the mold sand occurs while filling molten metal into the mold, caused due to sand having less binding strength or high pouring velocity of metal. This can be avoided by redesigning the gating system or by using large runners. Identifying challenges in the process and how they are being addressed An engine block has a very complex geometry. The engine block has internal recesses for the coolant, i.e., water to circulate and the cylinders for the piston to reciprocate. So casting such an intricate shape is always challenging. First, the pattern for making the mold must be very carefully designed because the quality of our casting is as good as the quality of our pattern. For such a complex machined part, we must carefully monitor the cooling of the casting; as such a complex part is bound to cool in an uneven manner. We all know that the major problem concerned with sand casting is the poor surface finish, but in an engine block the only important surface is the cylinder where the piston will reciprocate and it is not important for the cooling water to flow through highly machined surfaces. In sand casting, the surface finish can be substantially improved by using finer sands and we are adding zircon to the sand which will result in a better surface finish. Another challenge in sand casting an engine block is the pouring of the molten metal. Since an engine block is huge and has a complicated geometry, the pouring rate of the metal should be carefully monitored. We should not pour it at such a slow rate that the metal solidifies in the pouring vessel itself and it should not be so fast that molten metal could not reach some regions resulting in voids. In fact, the metal should not be poured. It should be pumped against the gravity so as to avoid gas entrapment. As said earlier, an engine block, due to its geometric complexity will tend to cool irregularly. So the risers should be properly placed to take into account this irregular cooling. Addressing the cost consideration The cost associated with sand casting can be divided into three broad categories: Material cost, Production cost and Tooling cost. Material cost As the name suggests, material cost includes the cost of all the materials used in the sand casting process. These materials include the metal, the mold sand and the core sand. The cost of the metal will depend on a number of factors such as cost of the alloy, purity of the alloy and the castability of the alloy. For more pure alloys, the cost will be higher. For alloys with lower castability, additional metal will be required in order to fill the flow channels and the feed heads to assure a good casting, so in such cases, the cost will be higher. The cost of the mold sand and the core sand will depend on the shape and size of the mold and the core respectively. In this case, since our part is an engine block, due to its size and geometric complexity, the cost is bound to be high. Production Cost Again as the name suggests, production cost will include the cost of all the operations that will take place during the process of sand casting. These will include core making, mold making, pouring, and cleaning. The addition of cores to the casting will increase its cost because it will slow the process down. An engine block, a very complicated part, will definitely have cores which will increase the overall production cost by slowing down the production. Pouring and cleaning costs are determined by the size and weight of the casting. So these will be high for an engine block as it is a big and heavy component, and the mold will take longer to fill and the cast block will take longer to be cleaned. Tooling Cost Tooling cost is the cost associated with the tools used during the sand casting process. These include the patterns used to make the molds and the core-boxes to make the cores. Since an engine block is huge and geometrically complicated, tooling cost will be high. Also, since we are designing for mass production, the patterns as well as the core-boxes will have to be used more frequently. The constant use of the tool will result in the wearing down of the tool at a high rate, which in turn will increase the overall cost as the tool will have to be replaced. A solution to this problem will be to use patterns and core-boxes of a better quality material, but again the cost will be high. Environmental Impact of using Sand Casting: Foundries are generally regarded as being dirty and unfavorable to the environment. The primary issues being faced by the casting industry are the excessive volumes of by-products that are to be sent to landfills, and the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) which are released during the process. Of all the by-products generated by volume, sand is the largest. Even in processes which involve a high level of sand recovery, some amount of new sand is always required to maintain the optimum quality of sand in the system. This in turn will result in loss of sand from the system. After its use, the sand is either sent to a landfill for disposal, resulting in soil pollution, or it is reclaimed off-site. Not all foundry sands are considered hazardous, especially the ones from ferrous foundries, which pass the TCLP (Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure), which, after use can be sent to unlined landfills for disposal. Some non-ferrous sands on the other hand contain high levels of metal because they have to be sent to secured landfills and not the unlined ones. Chemical binders inwaste sand can become a crucial issue if resin-coated sands are wasted in large volumes before the pouring stage as most of the binder in the mold is burnt off during the pouring stage. Hence, the binder level should be carefully monitored so as to prevent it from reaching unacceptable levels over a period of many reclamation cycles. The second largest by-product by volume in the sand casting process is the baghouse dust. It is typically formed when the sand is reclaimed multiple times, which results in the sand grains breaking down to dust particles. Not only will it affect the quality of the casting, but it will also result in health issues such as silicosis. Slag is yet another by-product which is formed during the sand casting process. When flux is added to the molten metal to remove impurities, it reacts with the impurities to form slag which floats to the surface and is to be removed before pouring the metal. The slag so formed has a glass like appearance and is not really hazardous as it can be easily disposed of in unlined landfills. Apart from these solid wastes, there is also a substantial amount of gaseous waste (emissions) produced during the sand casting process. These include benzene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitrous oxide and other HAPs. Of all the pollutants, benzene is the most emitted. Conclusion In many ways the job of an engineer is not simple, because to choose between one material or one process over another is never easy. There is no process or material which can be considered as perfect. Each process has its advantages and disadvantages. An engineers job is to find an optimum solution so that the huge amount of investment in this industry is justified. In this project we, as engineers have done a similar job. We have selected sand casting for manufacturing the engine blocks and have justified our decision by discussing various aspects, both good as well as bad, of the selected process.

Mother Courage :: essays research papers

MOTHER COURAGE The education system has always tried to figure out new ways of teaching certain matters of interest, like history, where there are many points to be discuss that can be left out by authors. Text books do not fill everything that should be filled, and it is impossible to do so because there are too many things to tell and not enough space to write. There is also the fact that every professor wants to give his or her own approach to the topic, and sometimes there is not one source that tells everything the way he or she wants. At that point lectures become more and more important and those are only to be complemented with text of a variety of styles. Those sources were not initially designed to fill that requirement, but with the right approach and background information those new sources can be even better than any textbook any written. These kinds of sources give a different approach to history and can be more enjoyable than boring textbooks. On the other hand, these variety of sour ces can also been incorrectly chosen and may difficult the learning process for students. Sometimes sources are not efficient transmitting the message that wants to be transmitted, and students can simply not understand beyond the history that is been told. For instance Mother Courage and Her Children, by Bertolt Brecht, it’s a story that occurs during the Thirty Years War in Europe, and can be used to help students understand this war. Is this play a good source for understanding the Thirty Years War? Or it only stays in the basic story with minimum helpful information that would help understand this event. The Thirty Years war was caused mainly by the protestant reformation, a process caused by the split of the Catholic Church. It was all because of the lack of tolerance and the extremist ways of thought of people. In this area for example, the play is not as deep an as informative as desired, it stays only in the basics and mentioning Catholics and Protestants as rivals but it does not go deeper. â€Å"The Catholics! Surprise attack!.† â€Å"And the war is a war of religion.† It does mention Religion as a point of disagreement, but it fails to really explain that this entire situation is mainly caused by religious differences. As the world is right now, with all the polemic issues started by Iraq’s invasion by the United States and the terrorist attacks perpetrated by Islam extremists, more described facts would be very useful.

Vivisection: Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing Papers

Vivisection: Is it for you? Animal Research has become a heated debate over the past few decades, reaching a high point around the end of the twentieth century yet it still continues through today. There are two main ways to look at this topic: the logos pro side and the pathos anti side. Those who are for animal testing realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such research while those against animal testing stand up for animals’ rights and try to find ways to better such research without killing so many innocent, defenseless animals. While both sides seem to carry their argument well, those against animal testing ruin their ethos by making their argument an emotional one while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by giving logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one. Those who stand behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a necessary evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is necessary by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various operations that would not have been able to have been preformed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon stated: [H]ere is a list of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a year: 3,000,000 operations under general [anesthetic], 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, 400 heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when possible and animal testing only when necessary, miracles can happen. Works Cited Michael, Mike. â€Å"Views From Behind the Barricade: Animal Rights Campaigners Have Left Researchers Feeling Under Siege.† New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A12410157. Sandler, Jessica. â€Å"PETA Says No to Testing.† Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A89392654. Lewis, David. â€Å"Molecular Modeling as an Alternative to Animal Testing.† Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A13522944. Huntingdon Life Sciences: Working for a better future: The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. . Vivisection: Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing Papers Vivisection: Is it for you? Animal Research has become a heated debate over the past few decades, reaching a high point around the end of the twentieth century yet it still continues through today. There are two main ways to look at this topic: the logos pro side and the pathos anti side. Those who are for animal testing realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such research while those against animal testing stand up for animals’ rights and try to find ways to better such research without killing so many innocent, defenseless animals. While both sides seem to carry their argument well, those against animal testing ruin their ethos by making their argument an emotional one while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by giving logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one. Those who stand behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a necessary evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is necessary by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various operations that would not have been able to have been preformed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon stated: [H]ere is a list of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a year: 3,000,000 operations under general [anesthetic], 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, 400 heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when possible and animal testing only when necessary, miracles can happen. Works Cited Michael, Mike. â€Å"Views From Behind the Barricade: Animal Rights Campaigners Have Left Researchers Feeling Under Siege.† New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A12410157. Sandler, Jessica. â€Å"PETA Says No to Testing.† Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A89392654. Lewis, David. â€Å"Molecular Modeling as an Alternative to Animal Testing.† Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A13522944. Huntingdon Life Sciences: Working for a better future: The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. .

The Struggle for Identity in A Doll’s House :: A Doll’s House

The Struggle for Identity in A Doll's House      Ã‚   A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that was written ahead of its time. In this play Ibsen tackles women's rights as a matter of importance. Throughout this time period it was neglected. A Doll's House was written during the movement of Naturalism, which commonly reflected society. Ibsen acknowledges the fact that in 19th century life the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband. Nora Helmer is the character in A Doll House who plays the 19th woman and is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen's plays: "The common denominator in many of Ibsen's dramas is his interest in individuals struggling for and authentic identity in the face of tyrannical social conventions. This conflict often results in his characters' being divided between a sense of duty to themselves and their responsibility to others."(1563) All of the aspects of this quote can be applied to the play A Doll House, in Nora Helmer's character, who throughout much of the play is oppressed, presents an inauthentic identity to the audience and throughout the play attempts to discovery her authentic identity. The inferior role of Nora is extremely important to her character. Nora is oppressed by a variety of "tyrannical social conventions." Ibsen in his "A Doll's House" depicts the role of women as subordinate in order to emphasize their role in society. Nora is oppressed by the manipulation from Torvald. Torvald has a very typical relationship with society. He is a smug bank manager. With his job arrive many responsibilities. He often treats his wife as if she is one of these responsibilities. Torvald is very authoritative and puts his appearance, both social and physical, ahead of his wife that he supposedly loves. Torvald is a man that is worried about his reputation, and cares little about his wife's feelings. Nora and Torvald's relationship, on the outside appears to be a happy. Nora is treated like a child in this relationship, but as the play progresses she begins to realize how phony her marriage is. Torvald sees Nora's only role as being the subservient and loving wife. He refers to Nora as "my little squirrel" (p.1565), "my little lark" (p.1565), or "spendthrift"(1565). To him, she is only a possession. Torvald calls Nora by pet-names and speaks down to her because he thinks that she is not intelligent and that she can not think on her own.

This is Water Summary Essay

Wallace delivered the Kenyon College commencement address that was not the typical commencement address you would normally hear at a graduation. He starts off his speech by telling a story having the idea that even the most â€Å"important realities are often the ones that are hardest to see and talk about. † He talks about living in the adult world that these soon to be graduates will enter and how it can be ere dull at times.And how learning about how to think about the choice we make in our life, the choices we make will impact our life whether it be a good impact, or a bad impact. Wallace delivers this speech (in a way to get these graduates not necessarily discouraged) giving the former students a face of reality that life is dull when you go through the same thing every day. And that when people go through the same thing â€Å"day in and day out† people tend to forget about the others around us.When forgetting about the other people around us occurs, Wallace belie ves that makes us believe that we are the â€Å"center of the universe. † This way of thinking as Wallace states is to be our â€Å"default setting† where we tend to block everyone our except for ourselves and if anyone gets in our way, then they must the ones at fault. Wallace also states, â€Å"if you really learn to pay attention, then you will know there are other options. † We have the choice to think of those other options, but we also have he choice to not think of those other options.Choosing the option to pay attention to the others around us and not be a â€Å"prisoner of our own brain† could possibly let ourselves live happier lives. Having awareness as Wallace stated, † Is unimaginably hard to do this, to stay conscious and alive In the adult world day In and day out. But, your education really Is the Job of a lifetime. † In conclusion, Wallace believes that we have choices to be aware of and to really think of the choices we make.

Chem

Organic Chemistry I Spring 2013 Practice test 1. Name the following compounds: a. 5-tert-butyl-7-isopropyl-6-sec-butyl-undecane b. cis-2-(5,6-dimethylheptyl)-6-(3-methylpentyl)piperidine c. trans -2-nonyl-3-octyl-tetrahydrofuran d. trans-1,6-dimethylbicyclo[4. 3. 0]nonane e. cis-6,8-ditert-butylspiro[3. 5]nonane f. 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene g. (Z)-3-bromo-4-fluoro-5-methyl-oct-4-ene h. (E)-8-(1-chloroethyl)nonadec-8-ene 2. Draw the structures of the following compounds: a b e c f d g h 3.Draw the structure of the following compounds in Newman projections and in chair conformations: a b c d e 4. Draw the most stable isomer of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylcyclohexane. a. Which atoms/groups are i. gauche to axial hydrogen on C2 A: t-butyl, C6, methyl, C4 ii. anti to equatorial substituent on C3 A: C5, C1 b. What is the relationship between: i. tert-butyl group and equatorial hydrogen on C2 A: gauche ii. equatorial hydrogen on C4 and C6 A: anti 5. Draw all isomers of 4-tert-butyl-2-ethyl-1-methylc yclohexane (ignore mirror images) in their most stable conformations.Arrange the structures from the least stable to the most stable. 6. Cyclohexylmethanol and 1-methylcyclohexanol are converted to their corresponding bromides. Write a suitable mechanism for each reaction, and assign each the appropriate symbol (SN1 or SN2). OH O H H Br H + :Br : SN2 :Br : O H H Br + H2O OH O H Br O + H2O + :Br : SN1 :Br : Br 7. Give the structure of the principal organic product formed by photochemical bromination of methylcyclopropane, draw the mechanism of the reaction. Br2, h? h? Br Br H . .Br Br Br Br 2Br . . + HBr Br + . Br

Dominant Culture Essay

Contrast the dynamics between dominant cultures and subcultures either in a work setting or in society. According to Baack (2012), a dominant culture articulates the core values shared by a majority of an organization’s members. The dominant culture is the one that has the most power and influence. This culture represents the majority in society. The subcultures consist of the minorities in societies that differ from the dominant culture. Even though they are different, they deserve to be respected. Explain why it is important to understand the impact of culture. It is important to understand culture, so that all employees will be sensitive to the differences of others and value them, in order to work together to achieve the goals of the organization. Understanding culture is important so you do not offend others which could lead to a hostile environment. Give an example where you demonstrated your awareness and or openness to understanding a cultural difference. When traveling abroad for my company, I often came into contact with managers that stood very close when talking. At first, I did not understand and would quickly back away. This gesture often times offended the person that I was speaking with. I had to learn to embrace and respect the culture, in order to close the deal for my company. Explain how these differences underscore the need for understanding diversity. Diversity is what makes the world interesting. If we were all alike; what a boring world this would be. Understanding and respecting other differences helps us to appreciate diversity. In order to appreciate diversity, one must have an open mind and be willing to change. From the information given, develop guidelines for embracing diversity. My guidelines for embracing diversity are: educate people concerning diversity, create an environment where people can share ideas, get to know everyone on the team, and reward those that appreciate diversity.

Discrimination Worksheet Essay

†¢ What is discrimination? How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Discrimination is the denial of oppurtunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons (Schaefer, 2012). Discrimination is different from prejudice and stereotyping because discrimination is an action whereas prejudice is a belief or attitude and stereotyping is a generalization about a group of individuals (Schaefer, 2012). Both prejudice and stereotyping are ways of thinking about and classifying people into groups based on a belief or dislike of those individuals. Discrimination takes it a step further and puts those beliefs and attitudes into action by denying these groups of certain oppurtunities because of the prejudice and stereotyping. †¢ What are the causes of discrimination? Discrimination comes in many forms such as race, gender, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, and even disabilities. Discrimination is a learned behavior in which I believe children hear negative remarks about a group of people or individual from their parents or other influential persons and then make those judgements based upon what they grew up hearing about these individuals (Schaefer, 2012). Discrimination can also be caused from possible bad experiences with one individual that may cause another individual to now have negative feelings about this particular person because of race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, or disability. Another cause of discrimination is institutional discrimination, which is the denial of oppurtunites and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society (Schaefer, 2012). †¢ How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? Facing discrimination is never an easy task to do. Having to face discrimination is difficult and usually the minority gets the brut force of the discrimination. The only way facing discrimination could be the same is that either group has to endure the prejudice for the actions and beliefs in which they are being discriminated about. The difference is that one identity group may receive harsher discrimination for their identity group. Race, gender, and disability may get hit harder when it comes to jobs and other oppurtunities than would ethnicity, religious groups, and sexual orientation. Certain groups have been discriminated even harsher than others and this can lead to hate crimes, such as race. Either way discrimination is a negative action and the more we can do to prevent it, the better it will be for our future.

Observation of community Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Observation of community - Assignment Example We also use hand gestures as if to move a wand or catch a snitch (a ball in a wizard’s game of Quidditch). The vocabulary and actions are a secret language known only to Harry Potter fans. If an individual that had never watched or read the Harry Potter overheard or observed us, they would not understand over conversation. This is what makes the Potter Fans’ communication unique. It takes someone special to understand and appreciate the Harry Potter phenomenon. Fans can be young or old. I like Harry Potter because J.K. Rowling weaves an interesting story that is written simply. A third grader can enjoy a Harry Potter novel. Potter Fans usually have good imaginations, since it takes the imagination to even consider a parallel world of witches and wizards. A Potter Fan also must have a certain level of empathy. This is due to the lead character Harry Potter being a sympathetic character. All of my family members and friends that are Potter Fans possess these traits. Not everyone understands or likes Harry Potter. Due to the controversy of witches and wizards versus mainstream religion, religious people tend to not like Harry Potter. Not only do religious groups not like Harry Potter, but they tend to be offended by the mention of the subject. I would never talk about Harry Potter at church, or to individuals I know disapprove of the series. These people are in part of my discourse community conversation group, just not my Harry Potter discourse community conversation group. Potter Fans speak differently to each other than to people who are not a Potter Fan. I would never talk to someone at school about Quidditch, unless they acknowledge being a Potter Fan first. However, my close acquaintances are a different story. We enjoy talking about Harry Potter terms and Harry Potter in general. I know that my friends and family

Report Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Report Plan - Essay Example The basic objective is to formulate the thoughts of various segments of the society in consolidated report. In the last few months or so the right to keep a gun has confronted major debate at national level. The government, law enforcement agencies, civil society, human rights associations and the general public all have forwarded their arguments on the issue and now is the time to reach some conclusion. The report will target conclusions on the issue through in depth analysis of all the arguments surfaced during the Gun Control debate at national level. The report will strive to formulate a national thought and to avoid various controversial arguments surfaced recently on the issue . These controvertial argument can distract the focus of the authorities from the core issue and may cause damage to the national harmony. One such argument reads, â€Å"The possible passage of new restrictions on firearms and the return of military veterans facing significant challenges reintegrating into their communities could lead to the potential emergence of terrorist groups or lone wolf extremists capable of carrying out violent attacks† (Joe, 2012). There is a need to review all such assumptions as military veterans is common phenomenon all over the world. The report will discuss and highlight the various aspect of the issue in a comprehensive manner without targeting one or the other segment of the society. Various governmental and non governmental organizations will be contacted directly, general public arguments will be collected through open debates and polls. Statistical information will be saught from Police, Arm Control departments etc. Moreover the generl public also be accessed from online sources to make the report interesting and useful. The basic criteria for the report will be based upon the accuracy and correctness of

Denver founder network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Denver founder network - Essay Example The meeting proceeded on 26th of February and the events conducted at Galvanize office, which is a local incubator for entrepreneurship situated at 1062 Delaware St., Denver, 80204(10th & Speer Blvd.). The events started at 6:00 pm and went up to at least 8:00 pm, hosted by Chris Franks and Josh Churlik. The first part of the meet- up included an informal networking session that consists of the opportunity to interact with the members of Denvers’entrepreneurial community. The attendance was about one hundred people, most of them entrepreneurs and people with business ideas to present in the market( Wasserman 23-160) Tom Bulk was the guest speaker and a partial investor of Zynga game Aug 2007. He is a benefactor of social games services that invented on July 2007 whose headquarters are in Francisco. Tom Bulk did an apps, games for the smart phones which included Iphones and he started with online casino. The eight people in Zynga lacked a disk, however, they farm Ville game that became booster in the business world became profitable after three months of lunch. They had a market target age between 25 to 45 years old, most of the being housewives. Farm Ville generates one million daily from the sell of cherry to gamers (Wasserman 47-190). The name Farmville originated accidentally from the candy crash game. Attendance of the meeting, commonly known as meet-ups, are of great experience due to the casual atmosphere, attendees tend to be supportive, engaging, friendly and fun to talk with. Galvanize provides a good and an enabling environment for people to explore and develop their business ideas (Wasserman 67-210). An incubator creates a friendly and helps those presenting their business ideas generate and acquire more knowledge on the subject in place. Incubation grows the busine ss idea into a real and profitable business, thus the incubates gets a chance to expand their innovative

Evidence-based Practice in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evidence-based Practice in Healthcare - Essay Example It is now a nursing competence criterion to rely on and implement best evidence available from relevant research to devise the care plan. This is expected to base on critical review of research and synthesis of evidence which can be used to justify practice (Simko, 2005). Mantzoukas (2008) indicated that evidence based practice leads to effective decision making leading to enhanced clinical performance. A literature review with a critical approach is considered to be the best method of synthesizing evidence. This means a critique of scientific research based literature can reveal evidence which can be used in practice (Mantzoukas, 2008). To this end, a critique of literatures on the topic of nursing methods of postoperative pain management will be conducted, so an evidence base may be created that can inform practice. A critique of relevant literature can provide information on a clinical problem through the use of research knowledge. This can be done through location of relevant studies, review of the studies in the problem area, summarizing what is known, identifying what is unknown, and recognising the gaps in the knowledge. Thus the critique can support or refute practice or identify a new way of intervention (Scott & McSherry, 2009). Miaskowski (2005) indicated that effective postoperative management of pain is a significant clinical problem. Although there are established clinical practice guidelines, it is a fact that postoperative pain is often treated inadequately. Some studies have indicated that despite receiving analgesic management, about 75% of the patients have moderate to severe postoperative pain. In most of the cases, it has been demonstrated that the healthcare professionals often underestimate pain. In some cases, inadequate knowledge of the healthcare professionals about opioid use and side effects has been attributed to such gaps in postoperative pain management (Miaskowski, 2005). Moreover, there are certain very prominent ill effects of inadequate postoperative pain management, which can be detrimental to the wellbeing of the patient. Some of these substantiate the need for evidence based practice in this area. These are prolonged recovery, increased stay and cost, and decreased patient satisf action (Michel & Sanders, 2002). Physiologically, inadequate resolution of postoperative pain is also not desirable due to adverse physiological responses of the patient, which specially in postoperative phase may make the recovery problematic. Therefore, there is a need for evidence based practice, and critique of relevant research articles and synthesis of information could be the best way (Tracy, Dufault, Kogut, Martin, Rossi, & Willey-Temkin, 2006). Literature Search Strategy From the University database and library, a literature search was conducted based on the key words "postoperative pain", "postoperative pain management", "nursing", and "best methods" or "best practice." A combination of words were used to search the literature, and out of about 100 different studies located, only three of them were selected for this critical review in order to synthesize the evidence. Literature Review Shapiro et al. (2003) in their study compared the analgesic efficacy of three different methods in postoperative

Fibre Reinforced Plastics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fibre Reinforced Plastics - Essay Example These set of additions impart a new identity to the composite in terms of heat resistance, strength and stiffness. Individually the mechanical properties of these additives might not be of an appreciable value but on combining to form a composite matrix these properties are magnified. The ultimate mechanical property of the composite of course depends upon the manner in which these fibres are arranged in the matrix and the manufacturing method followed in producing the composite. Both these applications; Aerospace and Formula-1 deal with mechanisms to reduce the weight of the body and increase the aerodynamic profile of the surface. These functions would ultimately define the fuel efficiency and the speed of the aircraft or the Formula-1 car. (Cripps David, 2000) Research currently being undertaken seeks to refine the existing manufacturing processes to reduce the weight of the composite further but at the same time maintaining structural integrity. Advantages of using FRP 1. This of fers a wide range of corrosion resistance over acids, chlorides and other oxidizers. 2. Since its offer no galvanic potential it negates the requirement of sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection. (The composite advantage, 2004) 3. The strength to weight ratio is quite large. 4. It can operate over a wide range of temperatures; from low temperature cryogenic temperature applications to high temperatures in the range of 350 to 400? F. (The composite advantage, 2004) 5. It provides safe working environment as it is fire resistant. 6. The inherent nature of the material and the adaptability of the manufacturing process make it suitable for creating large complex shapes in situ. 7. Both the installation costs and maintenance costs are lower. (The composite advantage, 2004) The Manufacturing Process There are number of manufacturing processes that are used in producing Fibre Reinforced Plastics. These include the 1. Hand Lay-Up process 2. Spray Lay-Up process 3. Vacuum Bagging 4. Fila ment Winding 5. Pultrusion However the manufacturing process that is usually used in the manufacturing of components and structural parts of aircrafts and F1 racing cars include the following (Cripps David, 2000) 1. Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) 2. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) 3. Prepegs 4. Resin Film Infusion. (RFI) 1. Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) - This is a closed moulding process done under low pressure. The volume of composite produced is somewhere between that generated in a contact moulding process and that of a compression moulding process. The strands of reinforcement that is completely dried out are neatly arranged in the lower part of the mould. Glass reinforcements of various shapes can also be used along with the fiber matrix to ensure that complex mould shapes can be generated. Source: Cripps David, 2000, Reinforced Transfer Moulding The mating part or the upper portion of the mould is then closed onto the bottom half of the bold leaving a cavity whi ch eventually takes the shape of the structure this process is trying to manufacture. The thermosetting resin is then injected into this cavity space. It is necessary to ensure that sufficient amount of this resin is used to avoid the formation of voids, cavities or edge imperfections caused due to low quantity of resin. (Rice Brian and Lee William, n.d ) To assist in this filling process and guarantee that all areas of this cavity are filled, vacuum can be used which draws the resin to all parts of the cavity and ensures a perfect fill. This process is also known as the Vacuum Assisted R

Effective Management of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effective Management of Research - Essay Example that helps little in the meaningful scholastic development of students. Most research models, in effect, send out students with a shopping cart who go scooping up all the data they can find about the subject assigned to them - a state, a province, a foreign country, an historic battle, a famous person, a scientific issue. Most of the information collected in this manner is available in encyclopedias or books, such that it precludes diligence, care or the need to work "again." This kind of research puts students in the role of information consumers instead of information producers as befit a researcher in the true sense of the word. The implications are that this research, ending up as information consumption, demands little thought, imagination or skill on the part of the students. Working as information producers, on the other hand, the student researchers are encouraged to make up their own minds, create their own answers to the research questions and show independence and judgment. With all kinds of new information technologies around, the "cut-and-paste" method inherent to the topical approach to school research is proving more and more untenable. A new approach has thus emerged enshrining the rule that students cannot embark on a research project without an ideal research model selected for them by a search team composed of teachers, librarians and the school administrators. This team assists the student researchers in analyzing different models then settle for one that matches the projected needs and preferences of the project. The other method synthesizes the best features of all available models to go into the building of a new one. (Assiniboine SSD) Ideally, a research topic is considered worth the students' effort if it is controversial, has attracted much interest and debate, a first-of-its-kind process or product, involves innovative or new techniques, and has value in other disciplines. The work of an eminent researcher is another interesting subject for research, as well as any individual who has achieved prominence the hard way. In the new approach, the students are not only asked to turn in a paper on, let us say, the atrocities ordered by Hitler. They are also required to put together a template of questions that would shed light on many interrelated issues, such as why Hitler behaved the way he did, the history of both the Jews and the Aryan race, the lessons learned from the Holocaust, etc. There is a primary questions accompanied by a set of subsidiary questions to get to the bottom and all angles of the subject. (McKenzie, 2000) In this new perspective, research is a process in repetition (Olin Uris Libraries). The earlier phases of the research influence the later stages, while the later stages have some bearing on the earlier phases. Going back and forth is necessary to ensure the reliability and validity of the research, which can be done only through constant review and revision. Remember that at the end of your journey, your research will be subjected to

Market Success and Entry Strategy Research Paper

Market Success and Entry Strategy - Research Paper Example The first and foremost step is the analysis of the market size and demand. The market according to the various segments are divided and categorized. For example, for an automobile market, the division of the market can be as according to the taste, demand and preference of the consumers. The consumers in one group of consumers are different from the other group and each represents a separate entity. The characteristics or the dimensions on which a market size is determined are geographic, cultural, social, economic and psychological factors. The market potential of a new consumer product is tested. The acceptance level of the product would decide the money that product will make in the market. There are various factors, which affect segmentation in a consumer market. Geographic is one such factor, where a country is segmented on basis region, city, urban, rural and climate. Demographically market is segmented on the basis of age, family size, gender, household income, life stage, occ upation, education, religion, race, generation and social class. Further, segmentation can be done on the basis of lifestyle and personality traits. On an individual level market can be segmented on the basis of attitude, belief and perception of products, product awareness and usage pattern. Market success analysis In any country the buying or the purchasing power is depends mostly on the infrastructure, currency, quality of the product and employment level. In mostly all agricultural based society, the production of a commodity, information to other available resources is very less. The resources like the labors, professionals or the working class has a major impact on the success of any foreign company in any country. In India the distribution of labor forces is unequal. Most of the professionals reside in the urban areas. Hangout Plaza is a fast food chain of restaurant. It offers mostly burgers, chicken pizzas, which will not be accepted by the rural population. In India, the c ost of labor is low. In order for the company to be able to market their product smoothly they should employ the local population. The skilled, unskilled labors can be deployed to gain the confidence of the locals and to get the work done at a cheaper rate. The regulations and the duties imposed by the government also play a major part in shaping the business of a company in the international market. The Government's red tape policies are often a hindrance for any foreign company. In India, the government is quite liberal in allowing the foreign companies to enter. India has many U.S. base hotels which are operating since a long time (FAO, 1997).    The political, economic and social factor poses a serious problem risk for any new company in the global market. For Hangout Plaza, there are many competition threats from many other fast food chains of hotels. Since there is no clear-cut strategy to decide and ascertain which strategy can be useful for assessing the competition threat s, the need to understand and calculate the same becomes more tedious and tough.  Ã‚  

A New Era for Newark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A New Era for Newark - Essay Example Newark is a perfect example of a failed state but brought to life by an exemplary leader. Newark in New Jersey, fresh from riots in 1967, was transformed into a wonderful state by Mayor Booker. This article analyzes Mayor Booker, what made him a leader so extra ordinary that he managed to transform Newark into a successful state and how he managed to work with others with the main of transforming Newark. Newark was engulfed in violence and businesses were closed down. This effectively ensured that its economy was grounded as businesses are the main circulation of money in state. The social classes were dismantled which saw the middle class move away. Obviously, this would present quite a challenge for any leader mandated with reviving Newark. Even in the contemporary world today, it takes lots of effort from a lot of people to patch together a nation or sate that was torn apart by war. Fortunately, this was not the case for Newark for Brook was equal to the task. Lots of people were taken by surprise how the mayor managed to transform Newark. It takes a lot of leadership abilities to manage with Cory Booker managed. Four decades after the homicide, Newark is utterly different with a fresh economy. Brook admits that hard work is a key factor in making a prominent leader. It is his hard work that enabled him to effectively mobilize his team towards achieving better Newark. In essence, hard work is always necessary for one to make desire achievements, and just like anybody would do, Cory Brook was hard working, and his success is purely attributed to it. Brook s with his police officers till the wee hours of the morning. Besides this being a show of hard work, it also shows that he was a team leader. Leading by example is a character trait of any leader. In order to effectively mobilize a team, it is indispensable to first show an outstanding support for the specified agenda. By staying late with the police doing patrols, the police could easily be motivated even in the absence of the mayor. This show of solidarity with the patrolling police is among the qualities that are attributed to Cory Brook. Solidarity develops a feeling of togetherness within a particular group there fostering unity and motivation. In any case, Cory Brook is undoubtedly a transformational leader. This is in line with what he achieved with Newark. Indeed, it takes a transformational leader to accomplish what the mayor accomplished. Raising Newark from ashes is a true testimony to this fete. His lead by example philosophy alone speaks volume about his transformational abilities. However, some critics may argue that his decision to turn down President Barrack Obama’s appointment is a hint that Brook may be having a phobia for bigger duties. Naturally, a transformational leader should not be afraid of any tasks, however big they are, but he was still entitled to making his own independent decisions no matter what people though. Cory Brook would surely be a benefic iary of the development techniques. Development techniques are essential because they help leaders to become even better leader. Leadership is a development pattern in which people try to adopt their leadership style and abilities to suit the current dynamics of governance. As much as Brook was an exemplary mayor, it does not necessarily mean that he would properly fit in

The Consumption Function Essay Example for Free

The Consumption Function Essay To make the income-expenditure model more realistic, we will need to introduce other components of demand, including the government and the foreign sector. But first we need to recognize that consumers planned expenditures will depend on their level of income. †¢Consumer Spending and Income The consumption function describes the relationship between desired spending by consumers and the level of income. When consumers have more income, they will want to purchase more goods and services. A simple consumption function can be described by the equation C = Ca + by In which total consumption spending, C, has two parts. The first part, Ca, is called autonomous consumption, and it does not directly depend on the level of income. The second part, by, represents the part of consumption that does depend on income. It is the product of the fraction b, called the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), and level of income in the economy, y. The MPC, which has a value of b in our formula, tells us how much consumption spending will increase for every dollar that income increases. If b equals 0.7, then for every $1 that income increases, consumption would increase by 0.7 ÃŽ § $1, or $0.70. As firms produce output, they pay households income in the form of wages, interest, profits, and rents. We can therefore use y to represent both output and income. †¢Changes in the Consumption Function The consumption function is determined by the level of autonomous consumption and by the MPC. The level of autonomous consumption can change, and so can the MPC. Changes in either shift the consumption function to another position on the graph. A higher level of autonomous consumption but no change in MPC will shift the entire consumption function upward and parallel to its original position. More consumption occurs at every level of income. A number of factors can cause autonomous consumption to change. Here are two: Increases in consumer wealth will cause an increase in autonomous consumption. Wealth consists of the value of stocks, bonds, and consumer durables (consumer goods that last a long time, such as automobiles and refrigerators). Note that a person’s wealth is not the same as income. Income is the amount of money someone earns during a period, such as in a given year, whereas wealth represents the persons total net worth. Increases in consumer confidence will increase autonomous consumption ratio. Forecasters pay attention to consumer confidence, a measure based on household surveys of how positive consumers are feeling about the future, because it helps them to predict consumption spending. The Conference Board, a nonprofit organization devoted to disseminating economic analysis, publishes an index of consumer confidence each month that many forecasters rely on. A change in the marginal propensity to consume will cause a change in the slope of the consumption function.

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay

Economic And Behavioural Theories In Compensation Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Wages are determined by both the supply and demand of particular type of labour. The factors which influence wages are supply, price, skill, experience, ability, reputation. The wages theories have important policy implications and applicable for some of the definite occupations or line of work, none of these is adequate as a general theory having universal applicability. The economic theories of wages fail to provide a complete explanation of the problem of wage determination. Studies conducted by behavioral scientists to some extent fill the gaps in the earlier theories, which have highlighted the importance of psychological and sociological factors on wages. The key issues developed by economic and behavioral theorists are briefly reviewed in this chapter. THEORIES OF COMPENSATION Compensation theories mainly divided into two parts: Economic theory Behavioral theory Economic theory consist the following and described as under: SUBSISTENCE THEORY (Given by DAVID RICARDO in 1772-1823) David Ricardo, in his famous book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation propounded the subsistence theory of wages: Ricardo states that the price of labour depends upon subsistence of labour. The theory was based on the assumption that if the workers were paid more than subsistence wage, their numbers of labour would increase as they would reproduce more; and this would bring low the rate of compensation. If the rate of compensation decreased below the subsistence level, the number of workers would reduced as many would die because of lack of food or hunger, increased inability due to scarcity of nutrition, abnormal health conditions, cold, etc. and many of them could not marry because they fell that they could not able to accept the responsibility . This will result in decreased labour supply, which will lastly be same like as the demand for it. Ricardo viewed that the market price of labour could not vary from the subsistence level for a long time. For this reason, the subs istence wage theory was also known as the Iron Law of Wages. THE SURPLUS VALUE THEORY (Given by KARL MARX in 1818-1883) This theory owes its development to Karl Marx. According to this theory, the labour was an article of trade, which could be purchased on payment of subsistence price. Marx in many ways is closer to Ricardo in his approach to the question of value for labour power. He accepted Ricardos view that the market price of labour power could not for long depart from the value of the subsistence which is required for the maintenance of that labour power. He, however, viewed that it was not the tendency of population, which brought wages to the subsistence level, but it was the tendency in the capitalist system to chronic unemployment and the existence of industrial reserve army, which drove wages to the subsistence level. Labour supply always cared for the excess of the demand for it of capitalist wage system. The capitalist was in a position to force the worker to spend more time of his job than what was necessary to earn his subsistence wage. Product price was set or fixed by the total time needed for generating the output by the labour. The price of any product was determined by the labour time needed for producing it. According to Marx, the labour did not receive complete remuneration for the time he spent on their work place or job. Marx, however, held the view that the introduction of trade union bargaining and similar interferences could stop the tendency of wages falling to their minimum level and even reverse it. THE WAGES FUND THEORY (Given by ADAM SMITH in 1723-1790) This theory was propounded by Adam Smith. His basic assumption was that wages are paid out of money which lay surplus with wealthy persons as a result of savings. It was the size of the fund, which determined the demand for labour and the wages paid to them. According to wages fund theory, wages are determined by: (a) the wage fund or part of working capital which has been increased for getting the labour work; and (b) the number of workers seeking employment. The wage fund was assumed to be fixed and it does not change. Any change in wage rate, because of increase or decrease in the size of labour getting job opportunity. The wages fund theory based on the productivity of labour and profitability of any organization it shows that increased in the savings increased in the wages, it may change after the fixed tenure. Increase in remuneration could help to increase the efficiency of labour, it would presumably augment the employers demand for that labour. Hence, a rise in wage level not only influences the supply conditions of labour but also causes a shift in the demand for labour. This is quite opposite to the assumption made by the theory that the demand for labour is fixed. THE MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY (Given by J.B.CLARCK) This theory was propounded by Phillips Henry Wicksteed (England) and John Bates Clark (USA). According to this theory, compensation are based upon an entrepreneurs calculation of the rate that will probably be acquire by the marginal worker. The marginal productivity theory pretended that there was a certain quantity of worker received the job and the remuneration value at which this worker could secure employment in a competitive labour market was equal to the addition to total production that resulted from employing the marginal unit of that labour force. It was also pretended that production is carried out under the conditions of diminishing returns to labour. The principle of diminishing marginal productivity postulates that the contribution of each additional unit of labour would be less than that of the unit previously hired. Therefore, inspite of the fact that the productivity of the individual labourer may be higher than that of the marginal labourer, he will not be paid more than what the marginal labourer will get. In the short run wage rate can be both higher and lower than the marginal revenue productivity of labourers, but in the long run it gets equalised with the marginal revenue productivity of labourers. If the prevailing wage rate is lower than marginal productivity, it will be profitable for the employers and the resulting competition among employers to employ more workers will tend to raise the wages. On the contrary, if the prevailing wage rate is higher than the marginal productivity, the employment of marginal workers will yield him losses and he would stop employing them. This will result in competition among workers for jobs, which would lower the wages. Thus in the long run the equilibrium wage rate will become equal to the marginal revenue productivity of labour. The marginal productivity theory is considered superior to the earlier theories on wages. THE BARGAINING THEORY (Given by JOHN DAVIDESON) John Davidson propounded this theory. He argued that the wages and time period of work were ultimately defineds by the relative bargaining power between the employers and the employees. According to this theory, there is a top limit and a lower limit of compensation and the actual wage rates in between these limits are set or calculated by the bargaining power of the employers and the employees. The upper limit could be the highest wages that the employers would be willing to pay beyond which they will incur losses resulting from high labour costs. The lower limit could be either the minimum wages prescribed under the statute or the strength of the workers at the necessary remuneration below which they will not be ready for work. DEMAND AND SUPPLY THEORY (Given by MARSHALL) This theory is given by Marshall. He assumed the whole set of factors which govern demand for and supply of labour affected the determination of wages. It is therefore necessary to understand the various factors, which influence the demand for and supply of labour. The employers demand for labour is dependent on a number of factors such as the demand for his/her product, availability of other factors of production (the most important being the supply of capital), the level of technological progress, etc. The demand price of labour is determined by the marginal productivity of individual worker. Supply of manpower can be stated in a number of senses. First, it refers to the number of workers getting job and the workers with no alternative for survival, join the labour market for getting the job for wages. Secondly, it may be the number of hours or given time period for which each worker is ready for doing job. Finally, the supply of labour varies with the intensity of work. The supply of labour tends to increase if the workers work harder than before. Thus, Wage rates are influenced by a number of factors governing the demand for and supply of labour. The marginal productivity of labour, determines its demand price. It is the standard of living of workers that plays an important role in the determination of supply price of labour. The actual wage rate is determined at that level where the demand for and supply of labour are equal. In real world, however, labour markets are generally non-competitive. The wage levels expected to result from the free interaction of demand and supply are often modified by the resistance from workers to accept wages below the subsistence level; trade union action, government intervention in wage fixation, and immobility of workers. PURCHASING POWER THEORY (Given by PIGOUN) In the book General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money explained the concept of purchasing power. According to him, wage is not only the cost of production to the employer but also an income for the labour. The same workers and their families consume a major part of the products of the industry. Hence, if the earning of the labour is high they will have more consuming power, which would help to higher the aggregate demand for goods and also a high level of output. On the other hand, if the wage rates were low, their purchasing power would be less, which would bring about a decrease in the aggregate demand. This will have an adverse effect on the levels of employment and output. According to Keynes, unemployment and depression will further add to the problem. Therefore, a cut in wage national income falls; it would have an adverse effect on employment rate. According to the Keynesian Theory, fill employment is a function of national income; the higher the level of national income the greater the volume of employment and both income and employment are determined by effective demand. Hence, if the national income falls, it would have an adverse effect on employment. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE THEORY Economists specializing in international trade argued about countries, industries and companies competing on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour Employers are known to move to areas where labour is cheap, be it within a country or across countries. Subject to internal and external constraints, labour also tends to show a tendency to move to areas, which pay higher value for their skills and effort. In recent years, however, there is pressure on countries and companies competing on the basis of cheap labour to ensure compliance with minimum core labour standards concerning minimum age, freedom of association, right to collective bargaining forced labour and non-discrimination. LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES 1. According to Subsistence theory, the assumption that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic at the subsistence wage level is incorrect. The theory does not consider wage differentials, which are bound to exist across regions. 2. The subsistence theory ignores the importance of the role of the demand for labour and the role of trade unions in wage determination. 3. Economic theories either assume that wages and prices are either fully fixed or fully flexible. The reality lies somewhere in between. 4. Most wage theories are based on the assumption of full employment. In most developing countries this is not really the case. 5. Labour is not as mobile as capital and products are. Therefore wage rates could be influenced by the changes in the demand for and supply of factors other than labour too. 6. Wages and benefits reflect industry characteristics and personal characteristics (including skill differentials) as well as societal preferences and prejudices. 8. Interference by government and trade unions could minimize the influence of the market forces of demand and supply of labour. 9. Technology and productivity are major determinants. Low wages may not mean low wage costs. Similarly high wage rates may not mean high unit labour costs. 10. With the growing pressure for linking labour standards with international trade, increasingly it will become difficult (for countries, industries and companies) to compete on the basis of comparative advantage of cheap labour. BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES AND RELEVANT ISSUES Behavior means naturally reaction or movement to the environment and yourself. Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do your work will through the possibility of gain or reward. Remuneration of every worker has a behavioral objective and seeks to fulfill the survival need (physiological or psychological) to fulfill the goals. Luthans argues that `motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal. Compensation policy are targeted at rewarding manpower for their skill, talent, performance, effort, responsibility and working conditions and increase their morale for efficient performance. Behavioral theories are divided into three categories:- Content theories Process theories, and Contemporary theories CONTENT THEORIES The content theories explain what inspires manpower at their jobs. Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer gives their significant contribution to content theories. These are as follows:- 1.HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Abraham Maslow proposed the first theory called the hierarchy of needs theory. He proposed five needs of any people in needs hierarchy physiological or basic need (food, shelter, clothing), safety need (emotional and physical safety health insurance, pension), social need (affection and belongingness to society), Self-esteem need (power, achievement, status, etc.), and self- actualization (personal growth, realization of potential). Maslow believed that within every individual, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and each level of need must be satisfied before an individual pursues the next higher level of need. As an individual progresses trough the various levels of needs, the proceeding needs loose their motivational value. 2.TWO FACTOR THEORY OF MOTIVATION: Herzberg extended work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. Factors of this motivational theory divided into two categories: Intrinsic cand Extrinsic. Interinsic factors are the motivators (satisfiers) for the workforce and, Exterinsic factorsar the hygiene factors (dissatisfiers). Intrinsic remuneration are motivators or satisfiers work for satisfy workers related to job content. It includes success, identification, responsibility, work enrichment, and works enlargement. Extrinsic remuneration are hygiene factors and helps to reduce the dissatisfaction on the job. It includes company rules regulation and administration, supervision, co-ordination, salary structure, interpersonal relations, working environment 3.ERG THEORY: Clayton Alderfer identified 3 groups of core needs; they are- Existence, Relatedness and Growth. (a) The existence needs are concerned with survival. (b) The connected needs and the importance of interpersonal and social relationship. (c) The growth needs are concerned with individuals intrinsic desire for personal development. Based on a persons background and social environment, one set of needs may precede over others. The job of Maslow, Hergberg and Alderfer are related to content theories. They give useful theories but have limited implications for policy and practice. PROCESS THEORIES Process theories were examined by performance of Vroom (on valence and expectancy) and Porter and Lawer (performance-satisfaction linkage). They look at the related procedingss that go into motivation or effort, particularly the way they relate to one another. EXPECTANCY THEORY: Victor Vroom developed expectancy theory under process theory based on the abstract of valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Valence states to an individuals orientation for a individual result. For instance, most old employees perceives value benefits against fewer, if any, younger employee in todays knowledge industry, single (unmarried) workers with fewer family responsibility have less or no need for benefits like childrens education, health benefits, leave travel allowance etc. than older, married employees with one or more children. Instrumentality refers that a people would be inspired to give better performance in anticipation of promotion. Expectancy states that the degree of chances accor to a particular activity or process or effort will lead to particular first-level results on the other hand, Instrumentality states to the degree of chances that relates first-level results and desired second-level results. In simple words, Motivation is a -function of valence and expectancy. According to Vrooms concept it can be interpreted that: manpower gives to the organization what it needs from people, higher performance and in exchange they expect promotion. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES The contemporary theories describe the modern concept of how people motivates at work. These include Equity and Attribution theories. These are explained as follows:- 1. EQUITY THEORY J. Stacy Adams, developed by equity theory, and give their views that primary input on job performance and satisfaction on the basis of equity that people fells in their working conditions. Inequity comes in existence when a manpower feels that the ratio of his or her results to inputs and the ratio of a relevant others results to inputs are imbalanced. Equity can be stated in two elements. One is internal and other is external. Internal equity states that the imbalance in the remuneration between the several skills or talent and responsibility level among the various manpower. Internal equity is determined through job evaluation. External equity states that when remuneration levels for same skills levels in one organization compare with other workers in any different organization in same industry and geographical region. External equity is determined usually through compensation surveys or interview and compensation satisfaction surveys. Companies, which pay remuneration at lower rate than the market rates, would be in problem to attract, retain and inspire manpower to perform with full efficiency. Our manpower doesnt perceive happiness when they get lower remuneration than what they deserve. When an employee gets remuneration at higher rates than what he/she considers is fair. Now the question is that to check out what they are receiving, what they deserve and what is fair for our manpower to maintain balance or equity in compensation system. 2.ATTRIBUTION THEORY: This theory is contributed by Fritz Heider, Lewin and Festinger. They assume that people are rational and logical in their behavior and that both inter and outer forces get composed additively to conclude behaviour. People will behave differently if they realize that their results are controlled or supervised more internally than externally. This theory has great efficiency for understanding organizational behaviour and contributes deep insights on goal setting, leadership behaviour and diagnosing causal factors of employee performance. QUESTIONS:- 1. Explain the importance of the theory of wages. 2. What are the different types of theory of wages? Explain in detail. 3. Are wages determined only on the basis of the demand and supply of labour? 4. Explain the significance of behavioural theories in Wages determination? 5. What are the limitations that arise while wages determination in economic theories?